Hierarchical transactive power exchange method on expressways for EV energy supplement

Electric vehicle (EV) users’ driving requirement is restricted by the long charging period and high cost. In this paper, a hierarchical transactive power exchange method on expressways proposed to eliminate range anxiety faced EV users further reduce their When EVs are driven expressways, battery swapping considered suitable mode due efficiency adjustability. scheduled supplement energy in stations (BSSs) according remaining Then, among batteries grid BSSs optimized for reducing operation optimization process, battery-to-battery battery-to-grid modes cost electric price period. Some release designated other BSSs. It reduces fast of costs Several case studies presented validate effectiveness economy method.